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Igneous rocks are rocks that form from the cooling and solidification of molten rock, also known as magma. Igneous rocks can form underground from the cooling of magma, or above ground from the cooling and solidification of lava that erupts from a volcano.

There are two main types of igneous rocks: intrusive and extrusive. Intrusive rocks form underground when magma cools slowly, allowing large mineral crystals to form. Some examples of intrusive rocks include granite, gabbro, and diorite. Extrusive rocks form above ground when lava cools quickly, preventing mineral crystals from forming or allowing only small ones to form. Some examples of extrusive rocks include pumice, basalt, and obsidian.

Igneous rocks can also be classified based on their mineral content and texture. Mineral content refers to the types of minerals present, while texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of the mineral crystals. Some common textures include glassy, porphyritic, and vesicular, which all indicate different cooling and solidification conditions.

Overall, igneous rocks are an important part of the Earth's crust and can provide insight into the geological history of an area. They are used in many applications, including construction materials, as well as in the production of jewelry and other decorative items.